Khutoot
Al Areedah
An
Exposition and Refutation
of the Sources of Shi'ism
AN
OUTLINE OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUNNIS AND SHI'ITES IN MATTERS OF FAITH AND DOCTRINE
by Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib
http://www.village.flashnet.it/users/fn034463/khutoot.html
Part
1
Part
2
Table
of Contents
The Glorious Qur'an 01
Ahaadeeth (The Prophetic Traditions) 02
The Companions of the Prophet 03
Belief in the oneness of Allah 04
Seeing Allah 05
The unseen 06
Aalur-Rasool (the family of the Messenger - may Allah
be pleased with them all) 07
The meaning of Shari'ah and Haqeeqah 08
Islamic jurisprudence 09
Al-walaa' (obedience and devotion) 10
Taqiyyah (calculated deception) 11
Governing the Islamic state 12
Editor's note: 13
There is unanimous agreement To some of them, the Qur'an's
among them regarding its authenticity is doubtful, and if it
authenticity, and its text being appears to contradict any of their
safeguarded from any additions sectarian beliefs or doctrines, then
or deletions. The Qur'an is to be they give the Qur'anic text
understood in consonance with strange, far-fetched interpretations
the rules and bases of the Arabic that agree with their sectarian
language. They believe in every views. They love to draw attention
single letter of it, it being the to the discord that occurred at the
word of Allah the Exalted. The time when the Qur'an was first
Qur'an is neither temporal nor compiled. The views and opinions
newly created, but is eternal. that they falsely attribute to the
Falsehood does not approach it Imams of Ahlu-l-Bayt are the primary
from before it or behind it. It source of their jurisprudence.
is the primary source of all the
Muslims' tenets of faith, their
rites and rules of conduct.
AHAADEETH (THE PROPHETIC TRADITIONS
Sunnis Shi'ite
For the Sunnis, it is the second The Shi'ites reject all Prophetic
source of revealed law, com- Traditions which were not related
plementary to the Noble Qur'aan
by members of Ahlu-l-Bayt, or their
It is not permissible to contradict descendants. The only exception
or reject the rulings and direc- to this rule is their acceptance of
tives contained in those a few ahaadeeth narrated by those
ahaadeeth which are reliably at- who sided with 'Ali (may Allah be
tributed to the Prophet (may pleased with him) in his political
Allah's blessings and peace be wars. They do not attend to the
upon him). The methodology ap- authenticity and soundness of the
plied in determining the authen- chain of narrators, nor do they ap-
ticity of these traditions utilizes a approach the study of the Prophetic
set of stringent rules agreed upon Traditions with a scientific
by the scholars who specialize in attitude. Their narrations often ap-
this field, and involves a detailed pear in a form like that of the
analysis of the chain of transmit- following example: "It has been
ters of any given tradition. No reported regarding Muhammad
distinction is made between bin Isma'eel by way of some of
male and female narrators; judg- our friends through a man who
ment is made solely on the basis transmitted it from him ['Ali] that
of individual trustworthiness and he said...". Their books are filled
technical ability in relating tradi- with hundreds of thousands of
tions, and every narrator's traditions whose authenticity can-
history is recorded. No tradition not be confirmed. They have built
is accepted from a known liar, or their religion specifically upon
from one whose morals or these spurious texts while outright
scholarly ability were not cor- rejecting over three quarters of the
roborated, or from anyone, authentic Prophetic Traditions.
merely on the basis of his family This is one of the main differences
connection or lineage. The com- between the Shi'ites and the Sun-
pilation of the Prophetic Tradi- nis.
tions is taken to be a sacred Trust,
the fulfillment of which overrides
all other considerations.
THE COMPANIONS OF THE PROPHET
Sunnis Shi'ites
It is unanimously agreed that the They charge that all save a few of
noble Companions deserve our the Companions had turned
utmost respect, and are absolute- apostate after the death of the
ly trustworthy. As for the discord Prophet (may the peace and
which occurred among them, it blessings of Allah be upon him).
is to be considered as the conse- On the other hand, they grant
quence of the sincere exercise of the Companion 'Ali bin Abi
personal conviction and opinion. Taalib a very special status; some
The discord was resolved and is a of them consider him vicegerent,
thing of the past. It is not per- and some view him as a prophet,
missible for us to hold, on the while others take him for a god!
basis of past differences among Shi'ites pass judgment on
the Companions, grudges and ill- Muslims in accordance with their
will which continue for genera- position with regards to 'Ali.
tions. The Companions are those Whoever was elected caliph
whom Allah has described in the before 'Ali is held by them to be
best of terms; He has praised a tyrant, an apostate or a sinner.
them upon many occasions. It is The same judgment is passed on
not lawful for anyone to make every Muslim ruler who did not
any accusation against them or step down for any of the descen-
cast suspicion upon them, and dants of 'Ali and his wife Fatimah
there is no benefit to be derived (may Allah be pleased with
therefrom. them). The Shi'ites have thus
created an atmosphere of
animosity throughout the history
of Islam, and the question of par-
tisanship of Ahlu-l-Bayt developed
into a school of thought which
preached and perpetuated such
detrimental teachings down
through the generations.
BELIEF IN THE ONENESS OF ALLAH
Sunnis Shi'ites
Sunnis believe that Allah is The Shi'ites also believe in Allah
One and the Only God, the the Exalted and His Oneness, ex-
Almighty Subduer. He has no cept that they adulterate this
partners or rivals, and He has no belief with Mu'tazilism and other
equal. They believe in His at- and strange observances.
tributes as they were revealed in They consider their Imams to be
the Qur'anic verses, and they do infallible, to have knowledge of
not obscure their obvious mean- the unseen, and to partake in the
ins with far-fetched interpreta- administration of the universe.
tions. They do not strike any Shi'ite scholars and clergy im-
comparison between the divine pressed upon their followers the
attributes and other things, for concept of a hereditary privileg-
as Allah says in His Book "There ed class as a matter of religion,
is nothing like unto Him." although this has no foundation
They believe that Allah sent the in Islam at all.
Prophets and commissioned Knowledge of Allah, is attained,
them with conveying to mankind according to them, through the
His Message and Guidance. exercise of reason, not by
They conveyed Allah's Message knowledge of divinely revealed
so that since people could accept law. That which came to us by
it.They believe that knowledge way of revelation in the Qur'an
of the unseen belongs to Allah, merely represents an affirmation
and His servant can only of reason's judgment; it is not
understand, about Him, what He considered to be a source which
chooses to reveal to them. is independent of, and beyond
the limits of reason.
SEEING ALLAH
Sunnis Shi'ites
Sunnis believe that believers The Shi'ites believe that to see
will be blessed with the sight Allah is not possible in this world
of Allah in the Hereafter, as is nor in the Hereafter.
mentioned in the Qur'an: ''On
that Day faces of the believers]
will be resplendent, looking
towards their Lord."
THE UNSEEN
Sunni Shi'ites
Allah the Exalted has reserved They claim that knowledge of the
knowledge of the unseen for unseen belongs solely to their
Himself; however, He has Imams, and it is not for the Pro-
revealed to His Prophets and phet to inform us about the un-
Saints some of the affairs and seen. Some Shi'ites have gone so
conditions of the unseen, for far as to claim godhead(l for those
particular reasons. The Qur'an Imams.
says: "And they do not encompass
anything of Allah's knowledge,
except what He reveals thereof"
AALUR-RASOOL (THE FAMILY OF THE MESSENGER)
(May Allah be pleased with them all)
Sunnis Shi'ites
Aalur-Rasool, according to the According to the Shi'ites the
Sunnis, refers to all the believing term Aalur-Rasool refers only to
descendants and relatives of the 'Ali bin Abi Taalib, and to some
Prophet Muhammad, from the tribes of his descendants.
of Haashim and 'Abdul-Muttalib.
The pious and God-fearing people
of the Prophet's Community, and
particularly the converts to Islam,
are also called Aalur-Rasool in a
special sense.
THE MEANING OF SHARI'AH AND HAQEEQAH
Sunnis Shi'ites
In the Sunnis' view, the shariah The Shi'ites see the shari'ah as
(the divinely revealed law) is being merely the various rulings
itself a relevant aspect of the and directives set forth by the
haqeeqah (the essential knowledge, Prophet; they concern the com-
the reality). They hold that the mon and superficial folk only. As
Messenger of Allah did not con- for the haqeeqah, no one knows
ceal from his community of believ- it except the Imams of Ahlu-l-Bayt
ers any part of knowledge that con- These Imams acquired the
cerns the revealed law. There sciences of haqeeqah through in-
was no good thing that he did heritance, one generation after
not guide us to, and no evil thing another. It remains a secret
that he did not warn us about. possession among them. Further-
Allah has said 'On this day I have more, the Shi'ites consider their
completed your religion. Imams infallible; every work and
Therefore, the sources of the practice of theirs is deemed in-
Islamic faith are Allah's Book and cumbent upon their followers.
the Sunnah (practice) of the Pro- They believe that one may com-
phet; bad innovations are blamed municate with God only through
and rejected. The relationship intermediaries, and it is for this
of the believer with Allah, and reason that their religious leaders
the path to the achievement of have such an inflated opinion of
good works and worship, are themselves, as evidenced by the
clear and evident. exaggerated titles they take for
themselves, e.g. Baabullah (the
door to Allah), Hujjatullah
(Allah's proof), Ayatullah (the
sign of Allah), Al-Ma'soorn (the
infallible one), etc.
ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE
Sunnis Shi'ites
Ahlus-s-Sunnah adhere strictly to They depend only on the ex-
the legal rulings and directives of clusive sources which they claim
the Noble Qur'an, as clarified by for their Imams, upon their far-
the sayings and practices of the fetched interpretations of the
Messenger of Allah. We also depend Qur'aan
and upon their contrary
upon the sayings of the Com- attitude which puts them at odds
panions and the generation of with the majority of the Muslim
trustworthy scholars who follow- peoples. The Shi'ites consider
ed them. They were the nearest ones their Imams to be infallible, and
to the Prophet's era and the most to have the right to create new
sincere in supporting his mission, rulings and directives .in con-
throughout the tests and trials tradiction to the revealed law.
which had to be endured in the For example, they have altered:
course of establishing Islam. (a) The call to prayer and the
Since this religion has been com- prescribed times and postures of
pleted, no one has the right to prayers.
forge new legislation or (b) The rites of Hajj (pilgrimage)
directives; however, in order to and visitation to the sacred
properly understand the details places.
of the revealed law, and to apply (c) The specified times for begin-
it according to new situations ning and breaking the fast.
and circumstances while keep- (d) The rulings with regards to
ing in mind the general welfare zakaah (alms-tax) and its distribu-
of the people, one must refer to tion.
the qualified Muslim scholars (e) The inheritance laws.
who must work solely within the The Shi'ites are very particular to
bounds established by Allah's take positions in opposition to
Book and the Sunnah of the Pro- Ahlus-Sunnah, thus widening the
phet (may Allah's blessings and gap between us and them.
peace be upon him). The Shi'ites follow the so-called
Sunnis accept as authoritative Ja'fari school of law, and attribute
only those schools of law that are its origin to Ja'far ibn Muhammad
transmitted on the authority of as-Sadiq. These claims are comple-
the Prophet through the first tely false, since Ja'far as-Sadiq
generations of Muslims. Of all was not a Shi'te, but a Sunni scholar
these schools, only four survive and one of Abu Hanifah's teachers.
until today, that is the Hanafi, He has no connection to the so-called
Maliki, Shaf'i and Hanbali Ja'fari school, that was forged more
schools. Sunni scholars are una- than one hundred years after his
nimous in saying that - among the death.
contemporary Muslims - whoever
does not follow one of them is not
a member of Ahlu-s-Sunnah but a
follower of innovation. They also
strive their best in refuting
heretic schools of law, like the
pseudo-Ja'fari (Shi'ite) or the
pseudo-Salafi (Wahhabi).
Al-WALAA' (OBEDIENCE AND DEVOTION)
Sunnis Shi'ites
Al-walaa' means "total ad- They view al-walaa' as being one
herence, obedience and devo- of the pillars of iman. They define
tion." The Sunnis believe that it as the firm belief in the Twelve
it is due to the Messenger Imams. including the "hidden"
of Allah, for Allah says in His Imam. They consider one who
Book "Whosoever obeys the does not have strict devotion to
Messenger, he has verily obeyed their Imams as one who has no
Allah." Other persons deserve faith. They will not pray behind
our obedience only when they such a person, nor will they give
strictly abide by Islam. Our him zakaah although he be deserv-
responsibilities to others are ing of it. Such a person would be
defined by known legal prin- treated as a kaafr by them.
ciples, and there is no obedience
due to any human being if that
entails disobedience to the
Creator.
TAQIYYAH (CALCULATED DECEPTION)
Sunnis Shi'ites
It is defined as presenting an In spite of the differences among
outer appearance that belies the various Shi'ite sects, they all
what one conceals inside, to pro- agree that taqiyyah is a prescrib-
tect oneself from harm. It is con- ed duty and a pillar of their faith.
sidered impermissible for a Their school of thought could
Muslim to deceive other not stand without it. They learn
Muslims, because of the Pro- its principles and methods and
phet's saying: Whoever deceives they practice it, especially if they
is not one of us." Resorting to are in dire circumstances. They
taqiyyah is permitted only in some exaggeratedly praise and flatter
special situations, like jihad those whom they consider
against those disbelievers who disbelievers, whom they con-
persecute Muslims. That is part of sider deserving of slaughter and
the etiquette of war. It is incum- destruction. The verdict of kufr is
bent on the Muslim to be truthful passed on anyone who is not of
and courageous in upholding the their sectarian school, and for
truth, and to be neither osten- them "the end justifies the
tatious, nor deceiving, nor means." Their ethics allow every
treacherous. He should give manner of lying, cunning and
sincere counsel, enjoin what is deception.
good and forbid what is evil.
GOVERNING THE ISLAMIC STATE
Sunnis Shi'ite
The Khilafah is ruled by a caliph Generally speaking, the right to
elected to his position of leader- govern, according to Shi'ites, is
ship from among the Muslim hereditary, and restricted to 'Ali,
must be sane, honest and and his descendants by Fatimah
knowledgeable. He should be There is, however, some slight
known for his piety and trustwor- difference among them on the
thiness, and should also be point of the hereditary right as to
capable of bearing such a whom it belongs to. Due to this
responsibility. The caliph is view of theirs, the Shi'ites are
nominate to his position of never loyal to any ruler unless he
leadership by those Muslims en- is one of the descendants of 'Ali
dowed with knowledge and ex- bin Abi Taalib. When the prac-
perience. tice of hereditary leadership
If he does not hold firm to his vested in the descendants of 'Ali
duty, and deviates from the and Fatimah could no longer be
directives of the Qur'an, Muslims maintained, because the line had
can openly admonish him and invite come to an end, the Shi'ites in-
him to repent and to change his vented the doctrine of Ar-Raj'ah,
ways. Otherwise, he totally according to which the last Imam
deserves the obedience and was not dead, but "hidden". He
cooperation of every Muslim. is expected to arise and return at
The role of Khilafah is, to the the end of time, when he will
Sunnis, a great burden and slaughter all of his political op-
responsibility, not a mere ponents, and those of his
honour or an opportunity for ex- ancestors, and will restore to the
ploitations. Shi'ites their rights-which were
"plundered" by the other sects
over the centuries.
Editor's note:
The text of this paper has been revised by the Board of Governors of the
Italian Muslim Association, to make it fully compatible with the beliefs
of Ahlu-s-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah.
And
praised be Allah, Lord of the worlds.
part one
Part
1
|